Hematological malignancies where galectins are upregulated and associated with clinical features
| Hematological malignancy . | Galectin . | Function/associated with . | Reference . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type . | Subtype . | |||
| Lymphoma | Hodgkin | Galectin-1 | Tumor burden | 55 |
| Adverse clinical features | ||||
| Non-Hodgkin | Galectin-1 (ALCL) | Invasion | 56 | |
| Galectin-1 (CTCL) | Immune evasion (Th2 tolerogenic environment) | 57 | ||
| Galectin-3 (DLBCL, PEL) | Protection from Fas-induced apoptosis | 58 | ||
| Galectin-7 | Increase metastasis | 59 | ||
| Low survival (mouse model) | ||||
| Leukemia | PCL | Galectin-1 | Aggressiveness | 18 |
| Pre–B-ALL | Galectin-3 | Drug resistance | 60 | |
| AML | Galectin-3 | High primary refractory rate | 61 | |
| Low overall survival | 62,63 | |||
| Drug resistance | 34 | |||
| Galectin-9 | Immune evasion | 39,40 | ||
| Galectin-12 | Low overall survival | 64 | ||
| CLL | Galectin-1 | Protumoral stroma | 17 | |
| Galectin-9 | Progression of the disease | 65 | ||
| CML | Galectin-1 | Chemo-resistance | 66 | |
| Galectin-3 | Drug resistance | 35 | ||
| APL | Galectin-3 | Low relapse-free survival | 62 | |
| MM | Galectin-1 | Aggressiveness | 18 | |
| Low overall survival | ||||
| Galectin-3 | Protumoral | 44 | ||
| Galectin-9 | Antiproliferative | 67 | ||
| Hematological malignancy . | Galectin . | Function/associated with . | Reference . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type . | Subtype . | |||
| Lymphoma | Hodgkin | Galectin-1 | Tumor burden | 55 |
| Adverse clinical features | ||||
| Non-Hodgkin | Galectin-1 (ALCL) | Invasion | 56 | |
| Galectin-1 (CTCL) | Immune evasion (Th2 tolerogenic environment) | 57 | ||
| Galectin-3 (DLBCL, PEL) | Protection from Fas-induced apoptosis | 58 | ||
| Galectin-7 | Increase metastasis | 59 | ||
| Low survival (mouse model) | ||||
| Leukemia | PCL | Galectin-1 | Aggressiveness | 18 |
| Pre–B-ALL | Galectin-3 | Drug resistance | 60 | |
| AML | Galectin-3 | High primary refractory rate | 61 | |
| Low overall survival | 62,63 | |||
| Drug resistance | 34 | |||
| Galectin-9 | Immune evasion | 39,40 | ||
| Galectin-12 | Low overall survival | 64 | ||
| CLL | Galectin-1 | Protumoral stroma | 17 | |
| Galectin-9 | Progression of the disease | 65 | ||
| CML | Galectin-1 | Chemo-resistance | 66 | |
| Galectin-3 | Drug resistance | 35 | ||
| APL | Galectin-3 | Low relapse-free survival | 62 | |
| MM | Galectin-1 | Aggressiveness | 18 | |
| Low overall survival | ||||
| Galectin-3 | Protumoral | 44 | ||
| Galectin-9 | Antiproliferative | 67 | ||
ALCL, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; CLL, chronic lymphoid leukemia; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; CTCL, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; PCL, plasma cell leukemia; PEL, pure erythroid leukemia; pre–B-ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia.