Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with and without progression of CKD
| Characteristic . | Cystatin C–based CKD-EPI 2012 equation . | Creatinine-based CKD-EPI 2021 equation . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | |||||
| N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | |||
| Age (y) | 125 | 28 (23, 38) | 50 | 30.5 (23.25, 41) | .35 | 159 | 28 (23, 38) | 19 | 38 (27.5, 47) | .02 |
| Sex (female) | 72 | 72 (58) | 22 | 22 (44) | .14 | 86 | 86 (54) | 10 | 10 (53) | 1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 119 | 22.7 (20.6, 26.8) | 48 | 23.05 (21.1, 30.3) | .39 | 151 | 22.7 (20.65, 27.2) | 19 | 23.9 (22.4, 29.5) | .27 |
| Height (cm) | 120 | 167.64 (162.0, 175) | 48 | 170 (163, 180.1) | .21 | 152 | 169.0 (162.6, 175.4) | 19 | 167.6 (160, 177.7) | .98 |
| Weight (kg) | 124 | 66.9 (59.1, 73.1) | 50 | 68.9 (60.1, 85.0) | .18 | 158 | 66.9 (59.7, 75.0) | 19 | 68.6 (63.8, 82.1) | .26 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 125 | 113 (107, 122) | 50 | 118.5 (110, 129.3) | .04 | 159 | 114 (107, 122.5) | 19 | 117 (113.5, 126) | .12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125 | 67 (63, 74) | 50 | 68 (62.3, 75.8) | .57 | 159 | 67 (63, 74) | 19 | 69 (64.5, 75) | .31 |
| WBC count (×109/L) | 122 | 8.9 (6.6, 11.3) | 49 | 8.7 (6.3, 10.9) | .94 | 155 | 8.7 (6.5, 11.3) | 19 | 9.7 (5.9, 10.3) | .92 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 123 | 9.1 (8.2, 10.1) | 49 | 8.6 (7.5, 9.3) | <.0001 | 156 | 9 (8.2, 9.9) | 19 | 7.6 (7.3, 9.0) | .007 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 123 | 372 (300.5, 482) | 49 | 341 (248, 410) | .07 | 156 | 370.5 (286.5, 479) | 19 | 304 (259, 410) | .19 |
| Absolute reticulocyte count (×109/L) | 121 | 212.1 (131.4, 302.7) | 49 | 173.1 (109.8, 262.7) | .11 | 154 | 211.7 (132.4, 294.6) | 19 | 126 (100.9, 187.9) | .01 |
| Hemoglobin F (%) | 120 | 9.4 (4.2, 15.1) | 50 | 8.6 (4.3, 14.8) | .60 | 153 | 9.2 (4.3, 14.7) | 19 | 11.7 (5.1, 20.2) | .16 |
| Hemoglobin S (%) | 120 | 80.5 (71.9, 86.0) | 50 | 80.7 (72.6, 89.0) | .32 | 153 | 80.8 (72.3, 87.1) | 19 | 75.8 (71.1, 82.1) | .18 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 122 | 126.6 (106.8, 137.7) | 50 | 114.4 (84.3, 127.1) | .003 | 159 | 126.7 (114.4, 133.9) | 19 | 100.0 (66.2, 120.9) | <.0001 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 125 | 2.5 (1.6, 4.6) | 50 | 2.65 (1.8, 3.9) | .98 | 159 | 2.6 (1.7, 4.5) | 19 | 2.1 (1.5, 3.1) | .21 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 107 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 43 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | .006 | 136 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 17 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | .86 |
| Indirect bilirubin (mg/dL) | 107 | 2 (1.15, 3.75) | 43 | 2.1 (1.3, 3) | .8484 | 136 | 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) | 17 | 1.6 (0.9, 2.4) | .1246 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 125 | 139 (138, 140) | 50 | 139 (137.3, 141) | .96 | 159 | 139 (137, 141) | 19 | 140 (137.5, 141) | .72 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 124 | 4.3 (3.9, 4.6) | 50 | 4.4 (4, 4.6) | .25 | 158 | 4.3 (4, 4.6) | 19 | 4.3 (4, 4.7) | .64 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 125 | 106 (104, 108) | 50 | 106 (104, 109) | .53 | 159 | 106 (104, 108) | 19 | 107 (105.5, 110) | .05 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 125 | 8 (6, 10) | 50 | 9.5 (7, 13.5) | .05 | 159 | 8 (6, 10) | 19 | 11 (8.5, 20) | <.0001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 124 | 33 (26, 46.3) | 50 | 38.5 (29, 43.8) | .37 | 158 | 35.5 (26, 46) | 19 | 30 (27, 49.5) | .88 |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 124 | 25 (17, 37) | 50 | 23 (17, 30) | .31 | 158 | 25 (17, 36) | 19 | 21 (14, 30.5) | .24 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 124 | 82 (64.8, 105) | 50 | 81.5 (66, 110.5) | .73 | 158 | 82.5 (66.3, 108.3) | 19 | 73 (62, 103.5) | .32 |
| Urine micro ACR (mg/g) | 125 | 19 (9.1, 76.4) | 50 | 24 (10.8, 139.1) | .17 | 159 | 20 (9.4, 85.3) | 19 | 58.6 (10.6, 217.5) | .13 |
| Use of NSAIDs (yes) | 56 | 56 (45) | 18 | 18 (36) | .37 | 71 | 71 (45) | 4 | 4 (21) | .09 |
| Use of hydroxyurea (yes) | 95 | 95 (76) | 37 | 37 (74) | .93 | 121 | 121 (76) | 14 | 14 (74) | 1 |
| Use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs (yes) | 21 | 21 (17) | 12 | 12 (24) | .38 | 27 | 27 (17) | 7 | 7 (37) | .08 |
| H/O acute chest syndrome (yes) | 86 | 86 (69) | 37 | 37 (74) | .62 | 112 | 112 (70) | 13 | 13 (68) | 1 |
| H/O stroke (yes) | 18 | 18 (14) | 6 | 6 (12) | .86 | 22 | 22 (14) | 2 | 2 (11) | .96 |
| H/O leg ulcers (yes) | 6 | 6 (5) | 6 | 6 (12) | .17 | 10 | 10 (6) | 3 | 3 (16) | .30 |
| H/O avascular necrosis (yes) | 27 | 27 (22) | 10 | 10 (20) | .98 | 33 | 33 (21) | 6 | 6 (32) | .43 |
| H/O priapism∗ (yes) | 17 | 17 (32) | 9 | 9 (32) | 1 | 24 | 24 (33) | 3 | 3 (33) | 1 |
| H/O diabetes mellitus (yes) | 2 | 2 (2) | 0 | 0 (0) | .91 | 2 | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
| Characteristic . | Cystatin C–based CKD-EPI 2012 equation . | Creatinine-based CKD-EPI 2021 equation . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | |||||
| N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | N . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | |||
| Age (y) | 125 | 28 (23, 38) | 50 | 30.5 (23.25, 41) | .35 | 159 | 28 (23, 38) | 19 | 38 (27.5, 47) | .02 |
| Sex (female) | 72 | 72 (58) | 22 | 22 (44) | .14 | 86 | 86 (54) | 10 | 10 (53) | 1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 119 | 22.7 (20.6, 26.8) | 48 | 23.05 (21.1, 30.3) | .39 | 151 | 22.7 (20.65, 27.2) | 19 | 23.9 (22.4, 29.5) | .27 |
| Height (cm) | 120 | 167.64 (162.0, 175) | 48 | 170 (163, 180.1) | .21 | 152 | 169.0 (162.6, 175.4) | 19 | 167.6 (160, 177.7) | .98 |
| Weight (kg) | 124 | 66.9 (59.1, 73.1) | 50 | 68.9 (60.1, 85.0) | .18 | 158 | 66.9 (59.7, 75.0) | 19 | 68.6 (63.8, 82.1) | .26 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 125 | 113 (107, 122) | 50 | 118.5 (110, 129.3) | .04 | 159 | 114 (107, 122.5) | 19 | 117 (113.5, 126) | .12 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 125 | 67 (63, 74) | 50 | 68 (62.3, 75.8) | .57 | 159 | 67 (63, 74) | 19 | 69 (64.5, 75) | .31 |
| WBC count (×109/L) | 122 | 8.9 (6.6, 11.3) | 49 | 8.7 (6.3, 10.9) | .94 | 155 | 8.7 (6.5, 11.3) | 19 | 9.7 (5.9, 10.3) | .92 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 123 | 9.1 (8.2, 10.1) | 49 | 8.6 (7.5, 9.3) | <.0001 | 156 | 9 (8.2, 9.9) | 19 | 7.6 (7.3, 9.0) | .007 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 123 | 372 (300.5, 482) | 49 | 341 (248, 410) | .07 | 156 | 370.5 (286.5, 479) | 19 | 304 (259, 410) | .19 |
| Absolute reticulocyte count (×109/L) | 121 | 212.1 (131.4, 302.7) | 49 | 173.1 (109.8, 262.7) | .11 | 154 | 211.7 (132.4, 294.6) | 19 | 126 (100.9, 187.9) | .01 |
| Hemoglobin F (%) | 120 | 9.4 (4.2, 15.1) | 50 | 8.6 (4.3, 14.8) | .60 | 153 | 9.2 (4.3, 14.7) | 19 | 11.7 (5.1, 20.2) | .16 |
| Hemoglobin S (%) | 120 | 80.5 (71.9, 86.0) | 50 | 80.7 (72.6, 89.0) | .32 | 153 | 80.8 (72.3, 87.1) | 19 | 75.8 (71.1, 82.1) | .18 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 122 | 126.6 (106.8, 137.7) | 50 | 114.4 (84.3, 127.1) | .003 | 159 | 126.7 (114.4, 133.9) | 19 | 100.0 (66.2, 120.9) | <.0001 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 125 | 2.5 (1.6, 4.6) | 50 | 2.65 (1.8, 3.9) | .98 | 159 | 2.6 (1.7, 4.5) | 19 | 2.1 (1.5, 3.1) | .21 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 107 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 43 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | .006 | 136 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 17 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | .86 |
| Indirect bilirubin (mg/dL) | 107 | 2 (1.15, 3.75) | 43 | 2.1 (1.3, 3) | .8484 | 136 | 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) | 17 | 1.6 (0.9, 2.4) | .1246 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 125 | 139 (138, 140) | 50 | 139 (137.3, 141) | .96 | 159 | 139 (137, 141) | 19 | 140 (137.5, 141) | .72 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 124 | 4.3 (3.9, 4.6) | 50 | 4.4 (4, 4.6) | .25 | 158 | 4.3 (4, 4.6) | 19 | 4.3 (4, 4.7) | .64 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 125 | 106 (104, 108) | 50 | 106 (104, 109) | .53 | 159 | 106 (104, 108) | 19 | 107 (105.5, 110) | .05 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 125 | 8 (6, 10) | 50 | 9.5 (7, 13.5) | .05 | 159 | 8 (6, 10) | 19 | 11 (8.5, 20) | <.0001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 124 | 33 (26, 46.3) | 50 | 38.5 (29, 43.8) | .37 | 158 | 35.5 (26, 46) | 19 | 30 (27, 49.5) | .88 |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 124 | 25 (17, 37) | 50 | 23 (17, 30) | .31 | 158 | 25 (17, 36) | 19 | 21 (14, 30.5) | .24 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 124 | 82 (64.8, 105) | 50 | 81.5 (66, 110.5) | .73 | 158 | 82.5 (66.3, 108.3) | 19 | 73 (62, 103.5) | .32 |
| Urine micro ACR (mg/g) | 125 | 19 (9.1, 76.4) | 50 | 24 (10.8, 139.1) | .17 | 159 | 20 (9.4, 85.3) | 19 | 58.6 (10.6, 217.5) | .13 |
| Use of NSAIDs (yes) | 56 | 56 (45) | 18 | 18 (36) | .37 | 71 | 71 (45) | 4 | 4 (21) | .09 |
| Use of hydroxyurea (yes) | 95 | 95 (76) | 37 | 37 (74) | .93 | 121 | 121 (76) | 14 | 14 (74) | 1 |
| Use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs (yes) | 21 | 21 (17) | 12 | 12 (24) | .38 | 27 | 27 (17) | 7 | 7 (37) | .08 |
| H/O acute chest syndrome (yes) | 86 | 86 (69) | 37 | 37 (74) | .62 | 112 | 112 (70) | 13 | 13 (68) | 1 |
| H/O stroke (yes) | 18 | 18 (14) | 6 | 6 (12) | .86 | 22 | 22 (14) | 2 | 2 (11) | .96 |
| H/O leg ulcers (yes) | 6 | 6 (5) | 6 | 6 (12) | .17 | 10 | 10 (6) | 3 | 3 (16) | .30 |
| H/O avascular necrosis (yes) | 27 | 27 (22) | 10 | 10 (20) | .98 | 33 | 33 (21) | 6 | 6 (32) | .43 |
| H/O priapism∗ (yes) | 17 | 17 (32) | 9 | 9 (32) | 1 | 24 | 24 (33) | 3 | 3 (33) | 1 |
| H/O diabetes mellitus (yes) | 2 | 2 (2) | 0 | 0 (0) | .91 | 2 | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
Progression of CKD based on decline in eGFR <90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and with decline ≥25%.
P values are calculated from χ2 tests or Fisher exact tests if expected cell counts were small for comparing categorical characteristics and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests for comparing continuous characteristics across strata.
This complication occurs only in male patients.