Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with and without progression of CKD
| Characteristic . | Cystatin C–based CKD-EPI 2012 equation . | Creatinine-based CKD-EPI 2021 equation . | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients (N) . | No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | All patients (N) . | No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | |||||
| n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | |||||
| Age (y) | 175 | 152 | 28 (23, 37) | 23 | 39 (30.5, 46) | 0.002 | 178 | 167 | 29 (23, 38) | 11 | 43 (32, 54.5) | 0.01 |
| Sex (female) | 175 | 83 | 83 (55) | 11 | 11 (48) | 0.70 | 178 | 90 | 90 (54) | 6 | 6 (55) | 1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 167 | 145 | 22.7 (20.7, 26.6) | 22 | 28.5 (21.3, 31.4) | 0.14 | 170 | 159 | 22.7 (20.7, 27.3) | 11 | 23.9 (22, 28.7) | 0.55 |
| Height (cm) | 168 | 146 | 168.5 (162.6, 175.3) | 22 | 168.5 (157.1, 179.0) | 0.88 | 171 | 160 | 168.95 (162.545, 175.3) | 11 | 167.64 (160, 181.65) | 0.91 |
| Weight (kg) | 174 | 151 | 66.8 (59.5, 73.65) | 23 | 77 (61.6, 86.5) | 0.08 | 177 | 166 | 67 (59.675, 75.6) | 11 | 70 (65, 82.075) | 0.26 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 175 | 152 | 113 (106.8, 122) | 23 | 122 (114, 134.5) | 0.001 | 178 | 167 | 114 (108, 122.5) | 11 | 118 (115, 139) | 0.09 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 175 | 152 | 67.5 (63, 74) | 23 | 68 (63.5, 77) | 0.54 | 178 | 167 | 67 (63, 74.5) | 11 | 68 (63, 72) | 0.87 |
| WBC count (×109/L) | 171 | 148 | 8.8 (6.5, 11.3) | 23 | 8.7 (6.9, 10.5) | 0.89 | 174 | 163 | 8.7 (6.5, 11.05) | 11 | 10.11 (6.85, 12.4) | 0.35 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 172 | 149 | 9 (8.2, 10) | 23 | 7.5 (6.5, 8.8) | 0.0001 | 175 | 164 | 9 (8.2, 9.9) | 11 | 7.4 (6.35, 7.55) | <0.0001 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 172 | 149 | 372 (299, 487) | 23 | 293 (247.5, 380.5) | 0.0088 | 175 | 164 | 370.5 (286.5, 475.5) | 11 | 291 (254.5, 405) | 0.17 |
| Absolute reticulocyte count (×109/L) | 170 | 147 | 212.1 (133.4, 299.3) | 23 | 150.1 (106.5, 193.7) | 0.01 | 173 | 162 | 204.3 (127.85, 284.4) | 11 | 109.8 (94.2, 194.4) | 0.07 |
| Hemoglobin F (%) | 170 | 147 | 9.3 (4.3, 14.9) | 23 | 6.7 (4.4, 18) | 0.85 | 172 | 161 | 9.2 (4.3, 14.9) | 11 | 10.3 (6.05, 19.65) | 0.38 |
| Hemoglobin S (%) | 170 | 147 | 80.7 (72.1, 86.3) | 23 | 78.1 (72.3, 89.2) | 0.98 | 172 | 161 | 80.7 (71.9, 87.1) | 11 | 77.6 (75.05, 84.6) | 0.88 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 172 | 149 | 125.7 (109.1, 136.0) | 23 | 79.2 (66.5, 107.2) | <.0001 | 178 | 167 | 126.578 (114.135, 133.926) | 11 | 69.342 (58.709, 86.707) | <.0001 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 175 | 152 | 2.5 (1.6, 4.4) | 23 | 2.4 (1.8, 3.4) | .80 | 178 | 167 | 2.6 (1.7, 4.35) | 11 | 2.4 (1.5, 3.05) | .64 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 150 | 130 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 20 | 0.55 (0.4, 0.8) | .006 | 153 | 144 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 9 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | .85 |
| Indirect bilirubin (mg/dL) | 150 | 130 | 2 (1.2, 3.775) | 20 | 1.8 (1.375, 2.6) | .6844 | 153 | 144 | 2.05 (1.2, 3.625) | 9 | 1.7 (1, 2.2) | .4066 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 175 | 152 | 139 (138, 141) | 23 | 140 (137, 141) | .72 | 178 | 167 | 139 (137, 141) | 11 | 139 (137.5, 140.5) | .82 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 174 | 151 | 4.3 (4.0, 4.6) | 23 | 4.3 (4, 4.6) | .79 | 177 | 166 | 4.3 (4, 4.6) | 11 | 4.5 (4.2, 4.75) | .31 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 175 | 152 | 106 (104, 108) | 23 | 107 (106, 110) | .009 | 178 | 167 | 106 (104, 108) | 11 | 107 (104.5, 110.5) | .17 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 175 | 152 | 8 (6, 10) | 23 | 12 (8.5, 17) | .0001 | 178 | 167 | 8 (6, 10) | 11 | 18 (12.5, 23.5) | <.001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 174 | 151 | 34 (26, 46) | 23 | 38 (28.5, 42.5) | .66 | 177 | 166 | 35.5 (26, 46) | 11 | 30 (27, 45.5) | .82 |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 174 | 151 | 25 (17, 37.5) | 23 | 19 (16, 27.5) | .05 | 177 | 166 | 25 (17.25, 37) | 11 | 17 (13, 24) | .008 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 174 | 151 | 82 (65.5, 104) | 23 | 88 (63.5, 142) | .46 | 177 | 166 | 82.5 (66, 109) | 11 | 70 (62, 82) | .17 |
| Urine micro ACR (mg/g) | 175 | 152 | 17.95 (9.1, 76.8) | 23 | 116.8 (21.8, 297.9) | .006 | 178 | 167 | 19 (9.05, 85.25) | 11 | 158.8 (48.4, 1209.25) | <.001 |
| Use of NSAIDs (yes) | 175 | 69 | 69 (45) | 5 | 5 (22) | .06 | 178 | 73 | 73 (44) | 2 | 2 (18) | .18 |
| Use of hydroxyurea (yes) | 175 | 117 | 117 (77) | 15 | 15 (65) | .34 | 178 | 127 | 127 (76) | 8 | 8 (73) | 1 |
| Use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs (yes) | 175 | 23 | 23 (15) | 10 | 10 (43) | .003 | 178 | 28 | 28 (17) | 6 | 6 (55) | .007 |
| H/O acute chest syndrome (yes) | 175 | 104 | 104 (68) | 19 | 19 (83) | .25 | 178 | 117 | 117 (70) | 8 | 8 (73) | 1 |
| H/O stroke (yes) | 175 | 21 | 21 (14) | 3 | 3 (13) | 1 | 178 | 23 | 23 (14) | 1 | 1 (9) | 1 |
| H/O leg ulcers (yes) | 175 | 7 | 7 (5) | 5 | 5 (22) | .01 | 178 | 10 | 10 (6) | 3 | 3 (27) | .04 |
| H/O avascular necrosis (yes) | 175 | 31 | 31 (20) | 6 | 6 (26) | .73 | 178 | 35 | 35 (21) | 4 | 4 (36) | .41 |
| H/O priapism∗ (yes) | 81 | 21 | 21 (30) | 5 | 5 (42) | .66 | 82 | 26 | 26 (34) | 1 | 1 (20) | .89 |
| H/O diabetes mellitus (yes) | 175 | 2 | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | 1.0 | 178 | 2 | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
| Characteristic . | Cystatin C–based CKD-EPI 2012 equation . | Creatinine-based CKD-EPI 2021 equation . | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients (N) . | No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | All patients (N) . | No progression of CKD . | Progression of CKD . | P value . | |||||
| n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | n . | Median (Q1, Q3) or n (%) . | |||||
| Age (y) | 175 | 152 | 28 (23, 37) | 23 | 39 (30.5, 46) | 0.002 | 178 | 167 | 29 (23, 38) | 11 | 43 (32, 54.5) | 0.01 |
| Sex (female) | 175 | 83 | 83 (55) | 11 | 11 (48) | 0.70 | 178 | 90 | 90 (54) | 6 | 6 (55) | 1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 167 | 145 | 22.7 (20.7, 26.6) | 22 | 28.5 (21.3, 31.4) | 0.14 | 170 | 159 | 22.7 (20.7, 27.3) | 11 | 23.9 (22, 28.7) | 0.55 |
| Height (cm) | 168 | 146 | 168.5 (162.6, 175.3) | 22 | 168.5 (157.1, 179.0) | 0.88 | 171 | 160 | 168.95 (162.545, 175.3) | 11 | 167.64 (160, 181.65) | 0.91 |
| Weight (kg) | 174 | 151 | 66.8 (59.5, 73.65) | 23 | 77 (61.6, 86.5) | 0.08 | 177 | 166 | 67 (59.675, 75.6) | 11 | 70 (65, 82.075) | 0.26 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 175 | 152 | 113 (106.8, 122) | 23 | 122 (114, 134.5) | 0.001 | 178 | 167 | 114 (108, 122.5) | 11 | 118 (115, 139) | 0.09 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 175 | 152 | 67.5 (63, 74) | 23 | 68 (63.5, 77) | 0.54 | 178 | 167 | 67 (63, 74.5) | 11 | 68 (63, 72) | 0.87 |
| WBC count (×109/L) | 171 | 148 | 8.8 (6.5, 11.3) | 23 | 8.7 (6.9, 10.5) | 0.89 | 174 | 163 | 8.7 (6.5, 11.05) | 11 | 10.11 (6.85, 12.4) | 0.35 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 172 | 149 | 9 (8.2, 10) | 23 | 7.5 (6.5, 8.8) | 0.0001 | 175 | 164 | 9 (8.2, 9.9) | 11 | 7.4 (6.35, 7.55) | <0.0001 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 172 | 149 | 372 (299, 487) | 23 | 293 (247.5, 380.5) | 0.0088 | 175 | 164 | 370.5 (286.5, 475.5) | 11 | 291 (254.5, 405) | 0.17 |
| Absolute reticulocyte count (×109/L) | 170 | 147 | 212.1 (133.4, 299.3) | 23 | 150.1 (106.5, 193.7) | 0.01 | 173 | 162 | 204.3 (127.85, 284.4) | 11 | 109.8 (94.2, 194.4) | 0.07 |
| Hemoglobin F (%) | 170 | 147 | 9.3 (4.3, 14.9) | 23 | 6.7 (4.4, 18) | 0.85 | 172 | 161 | 9.2 (4.3, 14.9) | 11 | 10.3 (6.05, 19.65) | 0.38 |
| Hemoglobin S (%) | 170 | 147 | 80.7 (72.1, 86.3) | 23 | 78.1 (72.3, 89.2) | 0.98 | 172 | 161 | 80.7 (71.9, 87.1) | 11 | 77.6 (75.05, 84.6) | 0.88 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 172 | 149 | 125.7 (109.1, 136.0) | 23 | 79.2 (66.5, 107.2) | <.0001 | 178 | 167 | 126.578 (114.135, 133.926) | 11 | 69.342 (58.709, 86.707) | <.0001 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 175 | 152 | 2.5 (1.6, 4.4) | 23 | 2.4 (1.8, 3.4) | .80 | 178 | 167 | 2.6 (1.7, 4.35) | 11 | 2.4 (1.5, 3.05) | .64 |
| Direct bilirubin (mg/dL) | 150 | 130 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 20 | 0.55 (0.4, 0.8) | .006 | 153 | 144 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 9 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) | .85 |
| Indirect bilirubin (mg/dL) | 150 | 130 | 2 (1.2, 3.775) | 20 | 1.8 (1.375, 2.6) | .6844 | 153 | 144 | 2.05 (1.2, 3.625) | 9 | 1.7 (1, 2.2) | .4066 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 175 | 152 | 139 (138, 141) | 23 | 140 (137, 141) | .72 | 178 | 167 | 139 (137, 141) | 11 | 139 (137.5, 140.5) | .82 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 174 | 151 | 4.3 (4.0, 4.6) | 23 | 4.3 (4, 4.6) | .79 | 177 | 166 | 4.3 (4, 4.6) | 11 | 4.5 (4.2, 4.75) | .31 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 175 | 152 | 106 (104, 108) | 23 | 107 (106, 110) | .009 | 178 | 167 | 106 (104, 108) | 11 | 107 (104.5, 110.5) | .17 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 175 | 152 | 8 (6, 10) | 23 | 12 (8.5, 17) | .0001 | 178 | 167 | 8 (6, 10) | 11 | 18 (12.5, 23.5) | <.001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (U/L) | 174 | 151 | 34 (26, 46) | 23 | 38 (28.5, 42.5) | .66 | 177 | 166 | 35.5 (26, 46) | 11 | 30 (27, 45.5) | .82 |
| Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 174 | 151 | 25 (17, 37.5) | 23 | 19 (16, 27.5) | .05 | 177 | 166 | 25 (17.25, 37) | 11 | 17 (13, 24) | .008 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 174 | 151 | 82 (65.5, 104) | 23 | 88 (63.5, 142) | .46 | 177 | 166 | 82.5 (66, 109) | 11 | 70 (62, 82) | .17 |
| Urine micro ACR (mg/g) | 175 | 152 | 17.95 (9.1, 76.8) | 23 | 116.8 (21.8, 297.9) | .006 | 178 | 167 | 19 (9.05, 85.25) | 11 | 158.8 (48.4, 1209.25) | <.001 |
| Use of NSAIDs (yes) | 175 | 69 | 69 (45) | 5 | 5 (22) | .06 | 178 | 73 | 73 (44) | 2 | 2 (18) | .18 |
| Use of hydroxyurea (yes) | 175 | 117 | 117 (77) | 15 | 15 (65) | .34 | 178 | 127 | 127 (76) | 8 | 8 (73) | 1 |
| Use of ACE inhibitors/ARBs (yes) | 175 | 23 | 23 (15) | 10 | 10 (43) | .003 | 178 | 28 | 28 (17) | 6 | 6 (55) | .007 |
| H/O acute chest syndrome (yes) | 175 | 104 | 104 (68) | 19 | 19 (83) | .25 | 178 | 117 | 117 (70) | 8 | 8 (73) | 1 |
| H/O stroke (yes) | 175 | 21 | 21 (14) | 3 | 3 (13) | 1 | 178 | 23 | 23 (14) | 1 | 1 (9) | 1 |
| H/O leg ulcers (yes) | 175 | 7 | 7 (5) | 5 | 5 (22) | .01 | 178 | 10 | 10 (6) | 3 | 3 (27) | .04 |
| H/O avascular necrosis (yes) | 175 | 31 | 31 (20) | 6 | 6 (26) | .73 | 178 | 35 | 35 (21) | 4 | 4 (36) | .41 |
| H/O priapism∗ (yes) | 81 | 21 | 21 (30) | 5 | 5 (42) | .66 | 82 | 26 | 26 (34) | 1 | 1 (20) | .89 |
| H/O diabetes mellitus (yes) | 175 | 2 | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | 1.0 | 178 | 2 | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | 1.0 |
P values are calculated from χ2 tests or Fisher exact tests if expected cell counts were small for comparing categorical characteristics and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests for comparing continuous characteristics across strata. Progression of CKD is based on decline in eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and with decline ≥25%.
This complication occurs only in male patients.