RPP30, ribonuclease P/MRP protein subunit p30.

Cases of BL were diagnosed by histology or cytology, except for 29 (7.3%) cases whose diagnosis was based only on clinical information.

Sex was defined genetically for all individuals, except 37 who lack genetic data but had self-reported sex.

Participants’ residential village was classified as urban based on whether the population count of children aged 0 to 15 years in their village was equal to or greater than the average population count for all the villages in the study region; otherwise, the village was classified as “rural.”

Participants’ residential village was classified as “near water” if any part of the village boundary was within 500 meters of all season surface water (lake, swamp, or river); otherwise, the village was classified as “far from water.”

Seasons were defined by calendar months using data from the National Weather Bureaus, with April to June and September to December defined as “wet” season months, and January to March and July to August defined as the “dry” season months.

P falciparum infection status was grouped into 3 categories: “current” in those in whom asexual parasite forms could be visualized in thick films under the microscope, “recent” in those without visible asexual parasite forms but having detectable parasite antigenemia using commercial rapid antibody capture assays rapid diagnostic tests for P falciparum-specific antigen histidine rich protein 2 and pan-lactate dehydrogenase, or "negative" when both types of tests above were negative.

Participants negative for both EBV and RPP30 are included in the main analyses, but excluded as sensitivity analyses.