ESA hyporesponsiveness
| Causes of ESA hyporesponsiveness . |
|---|
| Iron deficiency |
| Inflammation (infections, dialysis catheter use, autoimmune disease) |
| Hyperparathyroidism |
| Blood loss (gastrointestinal tract bleeding, dialysis procedure, menses, and hemolysis) |
| Inadequate dialysis |
| Malignancy |
| Marrow disorders (hemoglobinopathies, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasia, antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia) |
| Nutritional deficiencies (copper, zinc, folic acid, vitamin B12, carnitine, vitamin E) |
| Medications (eg, renin-angiotensin system [Ras] inhibitors) |
| Unexplained (~30%) |
| Causes of ESA hyporesponsiveness . |
|---|
| Iron deficiency |
| Inflammation (infections, dialysis catheter use, autoimmune disease) |
| Hyperparathyroidism |
| Blood loss (gastrointestinal tract bleeding, dialysis procedure, menses, and hemolysis) |
| Inadequate dialysis |
| Malignancy |
| Marrow disorders (hemoglobinopathies, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasia, antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia) |
| Nutritional deficiencies (copper, zinc, folic acid, vitamin B12, carnitine, vitamin E) |
| Medications (eg, renin-angiotensin system [Ras] inhibitors) |
| Unexplained (~30%) |