Table 3.

Antiplatelet agents for unfractionated heparin reexposure in HIT

Author/Year (N) study typePopulation (n)Surgery (n)Antiplatelet agent and mean doseOutcomes
Koster 200129
(47)
Retrospective CS 
HIPA + (35)
Remote HIT (12) 
Aortic surgery,
transplant,
reoperation,
combined proceduresa 
bTirofiban
10  µg/kg bolus
+ 0.15  µg/kg infusion 
24-h mean postop blood loss 410 ± 180  mL 
Palatianos 201514
(110)
Retrospective case control 
HIT Ab + (64)
HIT Ab + & Tpenia (46) 
CABG (74)
valve replacement (49)
AAA (12) 
cIloprost
7.63  ng/kg/min (range, 3–24) 
No significant differences from 118 HIT negative controls 
Lee 201816
(6)
Retrospective CS 
HIT Ab & SRA + (2)
HIT Ab + SRA NR (2)
HIT Ab + SRA − (2) 
VAD (6) dAbciximab
0.25  mg/kg bolus
+ 0.125 ug/kg 
Median postop ICU stay  =  9 days (range 5-76); hospital stay  =  22 days (range 18-132) 
Gernhofer 20194
(10)
Retrospective CS 
HIT Ab & SRA + (3)
HIT Ab + SRA − (4)
HIT Ab + no SRA (1)
HIT Ab – (1)
Remote HIT – no testing (1) 
AVR (1)
Pulmonary TE (6)
OHT (1)
VAD (2) 
eCangrelor
30  µg/kg bolus
+ 2–4  µg/kg/min 
No thrombotic events.
One death in a patient with advanced intracardiac malignancy. 
Author/Year (N) study typePopulation (n)Surgery (n)Antiplatelet agent and mean doseOutcomes
Koster 200129
(47)
Retrospective CS 
HIPA + (35)
Remote HIT (12) 
Aortic surgery,
transplant,
reoperation,
combined proceduresa 
bTirofiban
10  µg/kg bolus
+ 0.15  µg/kg infusion 
24-h mean postop blood loss 410 ± 180  mL 
Palatianos 201514
(110)
Retrospective case control 
HIT Ab + (64)
HIT Ab + & Tpenia (46) 
CABG (74)
valve replacement (49)
AAA (12) 
cIloprost
7.63  ng/kg/min (range, 3–24) 
No significant differences from 118 HIT negative controls 
Lee 201816
(6)
Retrospective CS 
HIT Ab & SRA + (2)
HIT Ab + SRA NR (2)
HIT Ab + SRA − (2) 
VAD (6) dAbciximab
0.25  mg/kg bolus
+ 0.125 ug/kg 
Median postop ICU stay  =  9 days (range 5-76); hospital stay  =  22 days (range 18-132) 
Gernhofer 20194
(10)
Retrospective CS 
HIT Ab & SRA + (3)
HIT Ab + SRA − (4)
HIT Ab + no SRA (1)
HIT Ab – (1)
Remote HIT – no testing (1) 
AVR (1)
Pulmonary TE (6)
OHT (1)
VAD (2) 
eCangrelor
30  µg/kg bolus
+ 2–4  µg/kg/min 
No thrombotic events.
One death in a patient with advanced intracardiac malignancy. 
a

The types of surgery were not specified.

b

Tirofiban was administered 10 minutes prior to heparin.

c

Iloprost target dose was initially determined based on the dose that diminished the heparin-induced platelet aggregation assay to less than 5%.

d

Abciximab was followed by heparin, 3 minutes later, prior to cardiopulmonary bypass.

e

Cangrelor infusion rate was adjusted to the P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) values throughout CPB. After cangrelor achieved satisfactory platelet inhibition, heparin was administered 10 minutes later.

AAA, aortic abdominal aneurysm repair; Ab, antibody; AVR, aortic valve replacement; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CS, case series; HIPA, heparin-induced platelet aggregation; OHT, orthotopic heart transplant; TE, thromboendarterectomy; Tpenia, thrombocytopenia; VAD, ventricular assist device.

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