Selected epidemiological studies
| Space-time clustering of BCP-ALL . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region . | Associated agent . | Cases . | Time . | References . |
| Rural areas, UK | ND | NA | 1946-1965 | 3,155 |
| Niles, USA | Streptococcus | 8 | 1957-1960 | 17 |
| Fallon, USA | Adenovirus | 13 | 1999-2004 | 18 |
| Milan, Italy | Influenza A (H1N1) virus | 7 | 4 wk, 2009/2010 | 19 |
| UK | Influenza virus | NA | 1974-2000 | 156 |
| Switzerland | ND | NA | 1985-2014 | 157 |
| Space-time clustering of BCP-ALL . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region . | Associated agent . | Cases . | Time . | References . |
| Rural areas, UK | ND | NA | 1946-1965 | 3,155 |
| Niles, USA | Streptococcus | 8 | 1957-1960 | 17 |
| Fallon, USA | Adenovirus | 13 | 1999-2004 | 18 |
| Milan, Italy | Influenza A (H1N1) virus | 7 | 4 wk, 2009/2010 | 19 |
| UK | Influenza virus | NA | 1974-2000 | 156 |
| Switzerland | ND | NA | 1985-2014 | 157 |
| Proxies of exposure to infections associated with BCP-ALL . | . | |
|---|---|---|
| Proxy . | Impact . | References . |
| Day care attendance | Increasing levels of social activity during the first year of life were associated with reduced risk. | 42 |
| Birth order | Being born later was associated with reduced risk. | 158 |
| Medication prescribed for infections | Medication prescribed for infections throughout childhood resulted in decreased risk. | 159 |
| Contact with livestock | Regular contact with livestock or pets was associated with lower risk. | 47 |
| Proxies of exposure to infections associated with BCP-ALL . | . | |
|---|---|---|
| Proxy . | Impact . | References . |
| Day care attendance | Increasing levels of social activity during the first year of life were associated with reduced risk. | 42 |
| Birth order | Being born later was associated with reduced risk. | 158 |
| Medication prescribed for infections | Medication prescribed for infections throughout childhood resulted in decreased risk. | 159 |
| Contact with livestock | Regular contact with livestock or pets was associated with lower risk. | 47 |
| Immunological modifiers . | . | |
|---|---|---|
| Modifier . | Impact . | References . |
| Mode of delivery | Increased risk was associated with cesarean section. | 36–38 |
| Breastfeeding | Breastfeeding for 6 mo or longer was associated with lower risk. | 40,88,89 |
| Birth weight | Higher birth weight was associated with increased risk. | 160,161 |
| Immunological modifiers . | . | |
|---|---|---|
| Modifier . | Impact . | References . |
| Mode of delivery | Increased risk was associated with cesarean section. | 36–38 |
| Breastfeeding | Breastfeeding for 6 mo or longer was associated with lower risk. | 40,88,89 |
| Birth weight | Higher birth weight was associated with increased risk. | 160,161 |
mo, months; NA, not applicable; ND, not determined; wk, weeks.